Exercise on Reported Speech: backshift and Place expressions
Questions -Exercise 1
Exercise on Reported Speech: Mixed Exercise 1
Exercise on Reported Speech: Mixed Exercise 2
sábado, 23 de marzo de 2013
REPORTED SPEECH - EXERCISES
Exercise on Reported Speech: backshift and Place expressions
Questions -Exercise 1
REPORTED SPEECH
(estilo indirecto)
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que otra
persona ha dicho, sin citar sus palabras textuales. Dependiendo del contenido
de la frase y de la intención del hablante, distinguimos entre afirmaciones,
preguntas, órdenes y sugerencias.
En la lengua escrita, that encabeza la parte de la
frase en la que se cuenta lo que otra persona ha dicho. En la lengua oral, that muchas veces se
omite.
Ejemplo:
`I spent Easter with my cousin´, he said.
He said (that) he’d spent
Easter with his cousin.
(Dijo que había
pasado la Semana Santa con sus primos.)
Las comillas desaparecen al pasar la frase al estilo
indirecto.
Ejemplo:
`I’ve just seen Martin´, she said.
She said that she had just seen Martin
She said that she had just seen Martin
(Dijo que acababa de
ver a Martin.)
Ø
Reported Speech: Statements
(afirmaciones)
Estilo directo
|
Estilo
indirecto
|
`I love the hotel.´
|
She said (that) she loved the hotel.
|
`We are having a wonderful time.´
|
He said (that) they were having a
wonderful time.
|
`I worked for ten hours.´
|
He said (that) he had worked for ten
hours.
|
`You have never written to me.´
|
She said (that) he had never written to
her.
|
`I will see you soon.´
|
He said (that) he would see her soon.
|
Estructura y Usos
ESTILO DIRECTO
|
ESTILO INDIRECTO
|
Presente
simple
|
Pasado
simple
|
Presente
continuo
|
Pasado
continuo
|
Presente
perfecto
|
Pasado
perfecto
|
Presente
perfecto continuo
|
Pasado
perfecto continuo
|
Pasado
simple
|
Pasado
perfecto
|
Pasado
continuo
|
Pasado
perfecto continuo
|
Pasado
perfecto
|
Pasado
perfecto
|
Futuro
simple
|
Condicional
simple
|
Condicional
simple
|
Condicional
perfecto
|
Futuro
continuo
|
Condicional
continuo
|
Will
|
Would
|
Shall
|
Should
|
Must /
Have to
|
Had
to / Must
|
May
|
Might
|
Can
|
Could
|
Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to
|
Sin cambios
|
- Cuando el verbo principal (reporting verb) está en pasado, el verbo que aparecía en estilo directo retrocede un tiempo verbal al pasar al estilo indirecto. Las correspondencias son las siguientes:
present simple ---------------------------------------------- past simple
I take
I took
present continuous
---------------------------------------- past continuous
I am taking
I was taking
past simple
------------------------------------------------- past perfect simple
I took I
had taken
present perfect simple ----------------------------------- past perfect simple
I have taken
I had taken
past perfect simple
--------------------------------------- past perfect simple
I had taken
I had taken
will ----------------------------------------------------------- would
I will take
I would take
would
-------------------------------------------------------- would
I would take
I would take
can
----------------------------------------------------------- could
I can take I could
take
- Los verbos modales should, ought to, could y might no varian al pasr de estilo directo al estilo indirecto.
Ejemplos:
`We might come.´
She said that
they might come.
`I could be home
by 8.00.´
He said that
he could be home by 8.00.
- Los pronombres y adjetivos sí sufren cambios al pasar de estilo directo al estilo indirecto, igual que ocurre en castellano.
Ejemplos:
`I am watching you.´
He said that he
was watching me.
`We got you a
present.´
She said that they
had got him a present.
`I’ve forgotten my keys.´
He said that he
had forgotten his keys.
¡Recuerda!
Que al pasar el
verbo say al estilo indirecto, se puede mantener como say
(“decir algo”) ,
o cambiar a tell (“decirle o contarle algo a alguien”)
Ejemplo: `I’m going to university soon´, said
James.
James told us / said
(that) he was going to university soon.
(James nos contó
/ dijo que pronto iría a la universidad.)
Ten cuidado al
utilizar el verbo say en el estilo indirecto, ya que a menudo se cometen errores como este:
|
Expresiones de lugar y tiempo en
Estilo Indirecto
A veces, las expresiones de lugar y de tiempo pueden cambiar
al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto.
Estilo directo
|
Estilo
indirecto
|
here
|
there
|
this
|
that
|
now
|
then
|
ago
|
before
|
next week
|
the following week
|
today
|
that day
|
tonight
|
that night
|
tomorrow
|
the following day
|
yesterday
|
the day before
|
last week
|
the week before
|
Ø
Reported Speech: Questions
(preguntas)
Estilo directo
|
Estilo indirecto
|
`What time is your train?´
|
She asked what time his train was.
|
` Why are you laughing?´
|
He asked why she was laughing.
|
Estructura y Usos
- El orden de las oraciones interrogativas cambia al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto: en lugar de la formula verbo + sujeto, se sigue el orden sujeto + verbo.
Ejemplo:
`How old are you?´, she asked.
She asked how old I
was. (Me
preguntó cuántos años tenía.)
Ten cuidado
al formular preguntas en estilo indirecto y evita decir algo como
She
asked me how old was I.(MAL)
- Si en la frase que está en estilo directo no hay ninguna particula interrogativa, añadiremos if o whether al pasar a estilo indirecto.
Ejemplo:
`Are you Spanish?´, she asked us.
She asked us whether
/ if we were Spanish. (Nos
preguntó si éramos españoles.)
¡Recuerda!
que en el estilo
indirecto no aparece el signo de interrogación al final de la pregunta.
Ejemplo: `Where is Andy?
She asked where Andy was.
(Preguntó dónde
estaba Andy.)
|
Ø
Reported Speech: Commands
(órdenes y mandatos)
Estilo directo
|
Estilo
indirecto
|
`Be quiet!´
|
He told them to be quiet.
|
`Take your keys.´
|
She told me to take my keys.
|
Estructura y Usos
- En el estilo directo se utiliza el imperativo para dar órdenes. Al pasar al estilo indirecto, utilizamos la siguiente construcción: sujeto + verbo + objeto indirecto + infinitivo con to.
Ejemplos:
`Sit down!´
She told them to
sit down. (Les dijo que se
sentaran.)
`Close the door!´
He told me to
close the door. (Me dijo que
cerrara la puerta.)
- Cuando queremos pasar una orden negativa al estilo indirecto, colocamos not delante del infinitivo. La construcción resultante es la siguiente: sujeto + verbo + objeto indirecto + not + infinitivo con to.
Ejemplos:
`Don’t forget your wallet.´
She told him not
to forget his wallet. (Le
dijo que no olvidara la cartera.)
`Don’t shout at
your brother.
He told her not to shout at
her brother.(Le
dijo que no gritara a su hermano.)
- Estos son algunos de los verbos que se utilizan para introducir órdenes y mandatos en el estilo indirecto: advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, persuade, remind, warn.
Ejemplos:
`Go and see the doctor now.´
He advised
her to go and see the doctor immediately.
(Le
recomendó que fuera inmediatamente al médico.)
`Remember to take your passport with
you.´
She reminded
him to take his passport.
(Le recordó que debía coger
el pasaporte.)
Ø
Reported Speech: suggestions
(sugerencias)
Estilo directo
|
Estilo indirecto
|
`Let’s go for a walk.´
|
He suggested going for a walk./ that they
should go for a walk
|
`Shall we go for a walk?´
|
|
`Why don’t we go for a walk?´
|
Estructura y Usos
- El verbo suggest se utiliza para introducir sugerencias en estilo indirecto.
Ejemplos:
`Let’s take some food for the journey.´
She suggested
taking / that they took some food for the journey.
(Sugirió
que lleváramos comida para el viaje.
`Why don’t we watch television
instead of going out?´
He suggested watching / that they
watched television instead of going
out.
(Sugirió que
viéramos la televisión en lugar de salir.)
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