jueves, 28 de febrero de 2013

WRITING: FOR AND AGAINST


A FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY
It is usually about a controversial issue. It presents both sides of the issue and then concludes by supporting one of the sides. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.
Topic: Write a for and against essay on a topic connected to home schooling


OPENING
Introduction to the issue




BODY
Argument for one side of the issue, with supporting details and examples.


Arguments for the other side
of the issue, with supporting details and examples


CLOSING
Summary of the issue and the writer’s opinion

YES or NO to HOME SCHOOLING
In recent years, an increasing number of parents around the world have chosen to take their children out of the school system and educate them at home. The question is whether this is good for everyone.


On the one hand, home schooling means that parents are able to cater to their children´s individual needs. For instance, parents can encourage their children to explore their own interests. In addition, parents can include important subjects that are often neglected in normal schools, such as art and music. Moreover, parents can protect their children from bullying and teasing.


On the other hand, children who are home schooled often have fewer opportunities to participate in team sports and in other extra-curricular activities. Furthermore, since home-schooled children are exposed to fewer kids, they may not learn social skills that are necessary if they want to live peaceably with others.


Despite the numerous benefits of home schooling. I believe most children should go to school. The lack of opportunities for social interaction may prove to be problematic in later life.


INTRODUCTION
In the last decades ……
Nowadays… , We can find both advantages and disadvantages …
It’s a well know fact that …….. . Some people think that ……. . However, others believe that ….
BODY
On the one hand, those who believe that (those who are in favour of )…. claim that ….
One of the main advantages of ….
On the one hand, there are many reasons why … , On the one hand, those who are in favour of (tend) to claim that … , On the one hand, those who believe that … say that …, People who prefer … say that … , There are several arguments in support of … , There are many advantages to + gerund , Some people argue that ... , Those in favour of …


On the other hand, those who think that (those who are against) …… affirm/ state that…..
On thecontrary, there are also arguments against,such as
On the other hand, there are many reasons why … , On the other hand, those who are against (tend) to say that … , A major disadvantage is that … , On the other hand, those who believe that … say that … , On the other hand, the arguments against … are convincing , On the other hand, there are some/many disadvantages.


CONCLUSION
It is clear that there both advantages and disadvantages to … , In conclusion... , To sum up..., In short …, All in all …  Although there strong arguments in favour of / against, I think that … , It is obvious that ...,  On balance, I think that …/ I personally believe



ADDING - AÑADIR
CONTRASTING –
CONTRASTAR
EXPRESSING CAUSE/REASON- CAUSA
*and
as well as
besides
Moreover,
Furthermore,
What is more,
In addition,
not only .... but also
another point is that
relative clauses
who where
that ,which
whose to whom
when what
why
*but
However,
Although
despite
In spite of
Nevertheless,
On the contrary,
on the one hand
on the other hand,
whereas
while
but while
In contrast,
Neither...nor
because
as
since
This is why
because of
Due to
Owing to
For this reason,
EXPRESSING EFFECT / RESULT
*so
so....that
such a...that
Therefore
Thus
Consequently,
As a result,
too...for/to
not enough...for/to
NARRATION
EXPRESSING PURPOSE
First (of all)
At first
At the beginning
In the beginning
then
next
Before
After
After that
afterwards
When
While
during
Soon
immediately
Once
Suddenly
As soon as
No sooner....than
Hardly...when
Finally
Eventually
At the end
In the end
At last
To begin with,
until
to
so as to
in order that
so that
for (Non-specific)
EXPRESSING OPINION
I would say that
In my opinion,
I think (that)
I believe (that)
Personally
Apparently,
From my point of view
GIVING EXAMPLES
SUMMING UP/ ENDING
EMPHASIS
for example,
for instance,
For one thing,
this includes
such as e.g.. (for example)
i.e. (that is)
All in all
overall
generally
In conclusion,
on the whole
in the main
To sum up,
especially
particularly
Naturally,
exactly because
above all
Whatever
Whenever

CAN: EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE 6

EXERCISE 7

EXERCISE 8

EXERCISE 9

EXERCISE 10

EXERCISE 11

EXERCISE 12

MUST: EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

MUST - CAN: EXERCISES

Click HERE  AND HERE  if you want to practise the modal verbs can and must.

HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE


Have something done

If you 'have something done', you get somebody else to do something for you.
·        
                               I'm going to have my hair cut.
·                                                           She's having her house redecorated.
·                                                           I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.
·       We're getting a new telephone system installed.
·       They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.
·       I got the bill sent direct to the company.

We can also use 'have/got something done' in situations where something bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen.
·       John had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom.
·       We had our car damaged by a falling tree.
·       I got my nose broken playing rugby.



THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

Have /get + objeto + participio pasado = I have /get my watch mended


If you 'have something done', you get somebody else to do something for you. (Se usa un verbo causativo para expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.)

·         I'm going to have my hair cut.

·         She's having her house redecorated.

·         I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.

·       We're getting a new telephone system installed.

·       They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.

·       I got the bill sent direct to the company.

We can also use 'have/got something done' in situations where something bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen.

·       John had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom.

·       We had our car damaged by a falling tree.

·       I got my nose broken playing rugby.


A. Se usa un verbo causativo para expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.
     She always has her food delivered (en lugar de traerla ella, pide a alguien que se la traiga)
     I got my phtograph taken for my passport (otra persona me hizo la foto)

Esta estructura tiene un significado pasivo, puesto que el sustantivo que va en medio recibe la acción expresada por el verbo en participio.

Nota:
a)      get también indica que el objeto realiza personalmente la acción o se implica mucho en
su ejecución.
                      When I get my homework done, I’ll match TV
b)      have es un poco más formal que get y get es más frecuente que have en la forma
imperativa. Example: Get your bedroom tidied at once!

Nótese la diferencia entre:
            a) I’m going to have/get this chair restored
            b) I’m going to restore this chair

En la frase a) yo voy a llevar la silla a alguien para que efectúe la restauración, mientras que en la b) soy yo mismo quien la efectúa.

B. Si quisiéramos mencionar quién hace la acción, podríamos añadir by + el agente al final de la frase.

Susan had her car repaired by a mechanic (Susan llevó el coche a un mecánico para que se lo arreglara)

C. El verbo causativo puede usarse prácticamente en cualquier tiempo, incluso en las formas continuas.
We’re having our house painted this week
Jack will be getting his messages sent by e-mail from now on 

 
TENSE
             HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Present Simple
               I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple
               I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous
               I'm having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous
               I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect
               I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect
               I had had my hair cut.
will
               I will have my hair cut.
must
               I must have my hair cut.
be going to
               I'm going to have my hair cut.



D. La interrogativa y la negativa se forman como las de cualquier otro verbo
Do you have your car serviced regularly?
Did he get his house redecorated last week?
You won’t have your eyes tested next week
 I’m not getting my hair cut today.

E. En situaciones en las que se quiere indicar que algo desagradable ha ocurrido en el pasado se suele usar have + objeto + participio
He had his car broken last week
I had my finger bitten during the fight
She had his mobile phone stolen while she was playing in the playground


IMPERSONAL PASSIVE


IMPERSONAL PASSIVE


Hay dos formas diferentes de hacer la pasiva impersonal.
1)      Empezamos con IT y transformamos el verbo principal en pasivo. El resto de la oración queda igual:
People say that John is very rich [ It is said that John is very rich
       present simple
People are saying that John is very rich [ It is being said that John is very rich
        present continuous
People said that John is very rich [It was said that John is very rich
        past simple


Esta es equivalente a la pasiva impersonal española: Se dice, se piensa, etc



2)      Esta segunda opción es un poco más difícil ya que no hay ninguna estructura parecida en español: Pasos a seguir:   People say that John is very rich
              sujeto principal   verbo principal    sujeto     verbo
                                                 present simple                   present simple
                      
Ø  Utilizamos el sujeto de la segunda oración (la que va detrás de THAT) como sujeto de la oración principal: John
Ø  El verbo principal se transforma en pasivo say [ is said
Ø  El verbo de la subodinada se introduce mediante infinitivo (is es el presente del verbo  TO BE) is [ TO BE
Si es verbo está en pasado usamos el infinitivo perfect TO HAVE + V past participle
Si el verbo está en presente contínuo usamos el infinitivo continuou: TO BE + V-ing

                                                        Al final quedaría: John is said TO BE very rich
 Te voy a poner las posibles variants:
People say that John was very rich [ John is said TO HAVE BEEN very rich
People thought that John is living in London [ John was thought TO BE LIVING  in London

PASSIVE VOICE


PASSIVE VOICE

 

 

   Voz activa
   Many students use computers.
   Voz pasiva
   Computers are used by many students.


Estructura

La voz pasiva se construye con el verbo to be seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal.

                            Ejemplo:    to cause    to be caused

El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser sujeto de la oración pasiva.

                           Ejemplo:   Alcohol causes many health problems.

                                            Many health problems are caused by alcohol.

El sujeto e la oración activa se transforma en el complemento agente de la oración pasiva, que va introducido por by.


                              Ejemplo:    The coach will choose the team.

                                                 The team will be chosen by the coach.

 
   ¡Recuerda!
   que el complemento agente se omite cuando se quiere  destacar la    
   acción que expresa el verbo, sin importar demasiado quién la realiza.
 
   Ejemplos: My purse has been stolen
                    (Me han robado el bolso.)
                    A new drug is being tested.
                    (Están probando un medicamento nuevo.)

 
Usos

La voz pasiva se utiliza

  • Para expresar acciones verbales destacando al objeto que afectan.
Ejemplos:    The doctors took a lot of samples.

                                A lot of samples were taken (by the doctors)                            

                               They have made huge progress.

                               Huge progress has been made.
                         

   ¡Recuerda!
   que la voz pasiva se utiliza mucho más en inglés que en castellano. Por eso, ante la oración: He was asked a lot of questions, debemos evitar una traducción literal del tipo: Le fueron hechas muchas preguntas, y coger una frase que suene más natural en castellano: Le hicieron muchas preguntas.   


Cambios de tiempos verbales


Tenses
Active
Passive
   Present simple
   makes / make
   Is / are made
   Present continuous
   Is / are making
   Is / are being made
   Past simple
   made
   was / were made
   Past continuous
   was / were making
   was / were being made
   Present perfect
   has / have made
   has / have been made
   Past perfect
   had made
   had been made
   Future
   will make
   wll be made
   Future perfect
   will have made
   will have been made
  Conditional
   would make
   would be made
   Perfect conditional
   would have made
   would have been made
   Infinitive
   to make
   to be made
   Perfect infinitive
   to have made
   to have been made
   Can
   can make
   can be made
  
   can have made
   can have been made
   Should / ought to
   should / ought to make
   should / ought to be made
   should / ought to have
      made
   should / ought to have
      made

 

  Ejemplos:    William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
                       Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare.

 
                       Someone should put these books away.
                       These books should be put away.


                       They are painting the walls pink.
                       The walls are being painted pink.

 
                        Someone has made the beds.
                        The beds have been made.


                        They could have solved this problem.
                         This problem could have been solved.                   


Verbos con dos objetos

  • Cuando el verbo activo tiene dos objetos, el objeto indirecto generalmente pasa a ser el sujeto de la frase pasiva.

Ejemplo:    They offered Harry a good job.
                                          CI           CD

                                   Harry was offered a good job
                O bien:       A good job was offered to Harry.

  • Entre los verbos que admiten estas estructuras cabe destacar: give, send, show, lend, ask, tell, offer, order, pay.

Ejemplo:    They didn’t send John an e-mail.
                    John wasn’t sent an e-mail.
                    An e-mail wasn’t sent to John